It is also possible to generate ethanol out of cellulosic materials. Currently, only the sugar (e.g., sugar cane) and starch (e.g., corn) portions can be economically converted. Ethanol burns more cleanly in air than petroleum, producing less … So, higher-octane fuels resist auto-ignition better; they can be compressed more. Instead of utilizing only the starch by-products from grinding wheat and other crops, cellulosic ethanol production maximizes the use of all plant materials, including gluten. [84], As ethanol yields improve or different feedstocks are introduced, ethanol production may become more economically feasible in the US. [36] The EPA-rated mileage of current United States flex-fuel vehicles[37] should be considered when making price comparisons, but E85 is a high performance fuel, with an octane rating of about 94–96, and should be compared to premium. [citation needed], In one such instance, a 1955 Ford Thunderbird was running an old mechanical fuel pump with a rubber diaphragm. [22], For the ethanol to be usable as a fuel, the yeast solids and the majority of the water must be removed. [7] By December 2011 Brazil had a fleet of 14.8 million flex-fuel automobiles and light trucks[8][9] and 1.5 million flex-fuel motorcycles[10][11][12] that regularly use neat ethanol fuel (known as E100). This is good if done right as it can reduce carbon emissions and also costs slightly less than 100% petrol. There are both great advantages and great disadvantages associated with the use of ethanol as an alternative fuel to petroleum. Ethanol is an excellent alternative fuel. There are also two ethanol-based fuels – E10 and E85 – which are more environmentally friendly options. Car engines don’t like to start in the cold on E100. The consumer cost payback time shows a 4:1 improvement over turbo-diesel and a 5:1 improvement over hybrid. For E10 it is about 0.5% v/v at 21 °C and decreases to about 0.23% v/v at −34 °C .[29]. When vapor pressure is below 45 kPa starting a cold engine becomes difficult. Breeding efforts underway to increase yields. The total amount of energy input into the process compared to the energy released by burning the resulting ethanol fuel is known as the energy balance (or "energy returned on energy invested"). A study by atmospheric scientists at Stanford University found that E85 fuel would increase the risk of air pollution deaths relative to gasoline by 9% in Los Angeles, US: a very large, urban, car-based metropolis that is a worst-case scenario. Because absorbed water dilutes the fuel value of the ethanol and may cause phase separation of ethanol-gasoline blends (which causes engine stall), containers of ethanol fuels must be kept tightly sealed. Since ethanol is firmly established as a part of our fuel supply, it is worthwhile to try to keep a balanced view and make effective use of this biofuel. ", "What's the most energy-efficient crop source for ethanol? [114][115], Using biomass for electricity instead of ethanol, W. Horn and F. Krupp. [16] It is made by the catalytic hydration of ethylene with sulfuric acid as the catalyst. Cutting gasoline with ethanol is said to reduce gasoline consumption for a reduction in greenhouse gases and lessen dependence on imported oil, … Targeting poor and marginalized communities that face health issues from cooking over polluting fires, Gaia currently works in Ethiopia, Nigeria, Brazil, Haiti, and Madagascar, and is in the planning stage of projects in several other countries. Fermentation takes place in an aqueous solution. [2] Some flexible-fuel vehicles are able to use up to 100% ethanol. Unlike petroleum, ethanol is a renewable resource. This is having a disastrous effect for many Classic motorbike, car and marine enthusiasts in part due to the use of fibreglass fuel tanks and also non ethanol resistant carb parts and other rubbers/plastics. to replace the energy of 1 volume of gasoline, 1.5 times the volume of ethanol is needed.[4][5]. The Clean Air Act requires the addition of oxygenates to reduce carbon monoxide emissions in the United States. (Cruising range drops on E10, too – something long-distance drivers need to consider. But if you run a high-octane fuel in an engine designed for low octane, there’s no benefit. Ethanol fuel may also be utilized as a rocket fuel. They all have the same amount of energy on offer in the various arrangements of the atoms, just the resistance to pinging (or knock) changes. Ethanol contains more oxygen than petrol thereby burning cleaner and greener. [38] Ethanol is not suitable for most aircraft, according to the RACQ, as well as some motorbikes and small engines,[39] though the Embraer EMB 202 Ipanema is an example of an aircraft that has been specifically designed for use with ethanol fuel in some variants. Ethanol has several advantages compared to gasoline, e.g., lowering of unburned HC emissions, CO, and much better antiknock characteristics [ 9 ]. Standard petrol is given a 91 rating, while premium unleaded is both 95 and 98. Ethanol is a relatively low-cost alternative fuel that boasts less pollution and more availability than unblended gasoline. Ethanol-blended fuel is widely used in Brazil, the United States, and Europe (see also Ethanol fuel by country). From 2007 to 2008, the share of ethanol in global gasoline type fuel use increased from 3.7% to 5.4%. Gas chromatograph studies were performed of ambient air in São Paulo, Brazil, and compared to Osaka, Japan, which does not burn ethanol fuel. Sweden has a similar seasonal reduction, but the ethanol content in the blend is reduced to E75 during the winter months. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106.6 (10 February 2009): 2077(6). This approach would have a smaller carbon footprint because the amount of energy-intensive fertilisers and fungicides remain the same for higher output of usable material. Grows only in tropical and subtropical climates. (Although it’s not advisable to do that. All of these steps require resources and an infrastructure. Problems that could arise in incompatible vehicles are: fuel system damage due to material … Ethanol has a higher octane rating than petrol which reduces engine knocking. Somewhat less water is tolerated at lower temperatures. For E10 (10% ethanol and 90% gasoline), the effect is small (~3%) when compared to conventional gasoline,[34] and even smaller (1–2%) when compared to oxygenated and reformulated blends. Current replacement parts are sometimes designed to withstand the corrosive effects of ethanol, but in a car with original parts the ethanol will cause damage. The technology for producing cellulosic ethanol is currently in the commercialization stage. Gasoline: … Bio-ethanol is usually obtained from the conversion of carbon-based feedstock. Saccharification of cellulose is called cellulolysis (see cellulosic ethanol). A two-stage counter-current setup of mixer-settler tanks can achieve complete recovery of ethanol into the fuel phase, with minimal energy consumption. This mixture is called hydrous ethanol and can be used as a fuel alone, but unlike anhydrous ethanol, hydrous ethanol is not miscible in all ratios with gasoline, so the water fraction is typically removed in further treatment to burn in combination with gasoline in gasoline engines.[24]. This high miscibility with water means that ethanol cannot be efficiently shipped through modern pipelines, like liquid hydrocarbons, over long distances. Ethanol is also less fuel efficient than gasoline. An improved flex engine generation was launched in 2009 that eliminates the need for the secondary gas storage tank. The calculated over-all reduction of gasoline use and CO2 emission is 30%. Gale. Gasoline: A gallon of Gasoline produces one-third more energy than Ethanol. It is estimated that 328 gallons of fuel ethanol is produced from one hectare of land. † experimental, not in commercial production, All biomass goes through at least some of these steps: it needs to be grown, collected, dried, fermented, distilled, and burned. Ethanol production depends on development of cellulosic technology. The principal suppliers are plants in the United States, Europe, and South Africa. Also, as long as oil prices remain high, the economical use of other feedstocks, such as cellulose, become viable. Low-input perennial grass. It also means if you ran a car on 100 per cent ethanol, fuel consumption would increase by more than 40 per cent. (Modern engines adapt slightly to higher octane fuels by increasing the spark advance, but the benefit is tiny compared to increasing the compression to suit the octane rating.) Current production methods include air pollution from the manufacturer of macronutrient fertilizers such as ammonia. In a correction to that article released shortly after publication, they reduce the estimated value to 7.4%. [68] Ozone levels are significantly increased, thereby increasing photochemical smog and aggravating medical problems such as asthma. [47][48], In many countries cars are mandated to run on mixtures of ethanol. Long-season annual grass. Engines don’t just burn fuel – they compress the air around it first. In older model years, their engine systems contained alcohol sensors in the fuel and/or oxygen sensors in the exhaust that provide input to the engine control computer to adjust the fuel injection to achieve stochiometric (no residual fuel or free oxygen in the exhaust) air-to-fuel ratio for any fuel mix. The main advantage of this technical approach is that it would be cheaper and easier to deploy the fueling infrastructure than setting up the one required to deliver hydrogen at high pressures, as each hydrogen fueling station cost US$1 million to US$2 million to build. The name of the petrol grade and consequently its label on the pump depend on the percentage of ethanol and other oxygenates such as MTBE, ETBE or methanol. Ethanol-blended petrol. [113] Other potential feedstocks are municipal waste, recycled products, rice hulls, sugarcane bagasse, wood chips, switchgrass and carbon dioxide. Ethanol, at low concentrations in motor gasoline, is known to impact both the fuel consumption and emissions from vehicles. There are three dehydration processes to remove the water from an azeotropic ethanol/water mixture. The chemical with an octane rating of 100 (to which the 91, 95 and 98 fuels commonly onsale compare in percentage resistance to pinging terms) is an isomer of octane called 2-2-4 tri-methyl pentane, which is a specific architecture of eight carbons and 18 hydrogens. Potential ethanol problems . [45][46] In March 2009 Volkswagen do Brasil launched the Polo E-Flex, the first Brazilian flex fuel model without an auxiliary tank for cold start. Two major components of plants, starch and cellulose, are both made of sugars—and can, in principle, be converted to sugars for fermentation. [112] The bacterium E.coli when genetically engineered with cow rumen genes and enzymes can produce ethanol from corn stover. Ethanol offers a greater octane rating than petrol. It can also be made from sugar and many other starchy crops – as well as from industrial, domestic and agricultural waste using chemically engineered microbes. [73], An additional complication is that production requires tilling new soil[74] which produces a one-off release of GHG that it can take decades or centuries of production reductions in GHG emissions to equalize. Advantages. When produced by certain methods, ethanol releases less greenhouse gases than gasoline does.[66][67]. Ethanol has a long history in America. The increased solubility of water with higher ethanol content permits E30 and hydrated ethanol to be put in the same tank since any combination of them always results in a single phase. Ethanol as a fuel doesn’t break down and leaves fewer to no deposits. Octane rating is a measure of a fuel’s resistance to combustion (self-ignition or auto-ignition, and also knock/pinging) when compressed. If there is more than about 71% ethanol, the remainder can be any proportion of water or gasoline and phase separation does not occur. Ethanol in Modern Fuels. This method is backed up by advanced knock sensors – used in most high performance gasoline engines regardless of whether they are designed to use ethanol or not – that detect pre-ignition and detonation. There are two primary types of EBP, known as E10 and E85. In recent years, fuel ethanol has become a popular controversy in America. Based on EPA tests for all 2006 E85 models, the average fuel economy for E85 vehicles was 25.56% lower than unleaded gasoline. [81][22], Converting biomass to electricity for charging electric vehicles may be a more "climate-friendly" transportation option than using biomass to produce ethanol fuel, according to an analysis published in Science in May 2009[82] Researchers continue to search for more cost-effective developments in both cellulosic ethanol and advanced vehicle batteries. [64], Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is emitted during fermentation and combustion. emissions perspective. It is most often used as a motor fuel, mainly as a biofuel additive for gasoline. And that means there’s about three per cent less energy in E10 compared with regular petrol. [21] However, cellulosic ethanol is currently uneconomical and not practiced commercially. The additive MTBE is currently being phased out due to ground water contamination, hence ethanol becomes an attractive alternative additive. The first type uses enzymes and yeast fermentation to convert the plant cellulose into ethanol while the second type uses pyrolysis to convert the whole plant to either a liquid bio-oil or a syngas. Since 1989 there have also been ethanol engines based on the diesel principle operating in Sweden. Leon Duray qualified third for the 1927 Indianapolis 500 auto race with an ethanol-fueled car. [76], Cellulosic ethanol production is a new approach that may alleviate land use and related concerns. Compared to unleaded petrol, an E10 blend will increase fuel usage by approximately three percent. Anhydrous ethanol can be blended with gasoline (petrol) for use in gasoline engines, but with high ethanol content only after minor engine modifications. Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol, is a flammable liquid that is used as fuel among several other uses. As petrol prices fluctuate, consumers are looking for alternatives to power their fuel-thirsty vehicles. The cost of transporting the feedstock to the factory, The cost of processing the feedstock into bioethanol. INEOS produced ethanol from vegetative material and wood waste. Many cars and light trucks (a class containing minivans, SUVs and pickup trucks) are designed to be flexible-fuel vehicles using ethanol blends up to 85% (E85) in North America and Europe, and up to 100% (E100) in Brazil. In a 2008 study, complex engine controls and increased exhaust gas recirculation allowed a compression ratio of 19.5 with fuels ranging from neat ethanol to E50. [111], Ethanol research focuses on alternative sources, novel catalysts and production processes. Completion of genomic sequencing project will aid breeding efforts to increase yields. There is interest in cellulosic ethanol obtained from breaking down plant cellulose to sugars and converting the sugars to ethanol. The high-compression (for higher efficiency) engine runs on ordinary gasoline under low-power cruise conditions. [80] New technology enables farmers and processors to increasingly produce the same output using less inputs. The American Le Mans Series sports car championship introduced E10 in the 2007 season to replace pure gasoline. A gallon of ethanol delivers one-third less energy per gallon than a gallon of gasoline, so that an 85-percent ethanol mixture is 30 percent less powerful than pure gasoline, Bell Performance says. The total acreage used to produce ethanol can only be used by cars for 70 days. Ethanol boosters say now is the time to ramp up the ethanol/gasoline blend to 30 percent because it will reduce harmful particulate pollution, improve gas mileage, and lower gas prices. 34% less energy per unit volume than gasoline, and therefore in theory, burning pure ethanol in a vehicle reduces range per unit measure by 34%, given the same fuel economy, compared to burning pure gasoline. The resulting solution has an ethanol content of around 15%. You need to burn 1.4 litres of ethanol to get the same energy as one litre of petrol. However, since ethanol has a higher octane rating, the engine can be made more efficient by raising its compression ratio. Ethanol: A gallon of Ethanol produces a less amount of energy than gasoline. Recommended List Price (MRLP) inclusive of GST, exclusive of options and on road costs. Agricultural feedstocks are considered renewable because they get energy from the sun using photosynthesis, provided that all minerals required for growth (such as nitrogen and phosphorus) are returned to the land. Ethanol-gasoline blends have been in use for more than 20 years, but largely since the 1970s. Only the compression ratio is set at the factory (it’s a function of piston sweep and combustion chamber shape, including piston crown shape). The use of pure hydrous or anhydrous ethanol in internal combustion engines (ICEs) is only possible if the engines are designed or modified for that purpose, and used only in automobiles, light-duty trucks and motorcycles. That’s crap. The technology uses heat to reform ethanol into hydrogen to feed what is known as a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). This means ethanol blends won’t be as thermally efficient in most engines, compared with straight petrol. [25], Recent research has demonstrated that complete dehydration prior to blending with gasoline is not always necessary. It is claimed the process can produce 6,000 U.S. gallons per acre (5,000 imperial gallons per acre; 56,000 liters per hectare) per year compared with 400 US gallons per acre (330 imp gal/acre; 3,700 L/ha) for corn production.[19]. Octane is a carbon chemical (eight carbon atoms and 18 hydrogens) which petrol approximates. During a cold start pure gasoline is injected to avoid starting problems at low temperatures. Alcohol is directly injected into the cylinders (and the gasoline injection simultaneously reduced) only when necessary to suppress ‘knock’ such as when significantly accelerating. The number represents the percentage of ethanol fuel that is mixed in with petrol. So putting an ethanol blend in an engine designed for petrol means in theory it could handle more compression (produce more power and operate more efficiently). Ethanol is also produced industrially from ethylene by hydration of the double bond in the presence of a catalyst and high temperature. [32][33]. Does not store well. Since 1976 the Brazilian government has made it mandatory to blend ethanol with gasoline, and since 2007 the legal blend is around 25% ethanol and 75% gasoline (E25). Millions of flex fuel vehicles in the USA actually use E85 which is 85% ethanol and is up to 25cpl cheaper than unleaded petrol. Carmaker Ford reports a 70% reduction in CO2 emissions with bioethanol compared to petrol for one of their flexible-fuel vehicles. The vehicle would include a tank for a blend of water and ethanol, which is fed into an onboard reformer that splits it into pure hydrogen and carbon dioxide. So if it’s not at least three per cent cheaper than regular petrol, you’re ripping yourself off. After fermentation, the mash is heated so that the ethanol evaporates. Currently, the first generation processes for the production of ethanol from corn use only a small part of the corn plant: the corn kernels are taken from the corn plant and only the starch, which represents about 50% of the dry kernel mass, is transformed into ethanol. To date, petrol in the UK has contained up to 5% renewable ethanol (known as E5). The cost of transportation of the bioethanol from the factory to its point of use, The efficiency of the bioethanol compared with standard gasoline. They allow greater compression, delivering more torque at the crank via increased thermodynamic efficiency. There has been considerable debate about how useful bioethanol is in replacing gasoline. A 2004 MIT study and an earlier paper published by the Society of Automotive Engineers identified a method to exploit the characteristics of fuel ethanol substantially more efficiently than mixing it with gasoline. Although there are various ways ethanol fuel can be produced, the most common way is via fermentation. Standard unleaded fuel contains up to 5% ethanol and can be used in any petrol-engined car without problems or the need for modification. High ethanol blends present a problem to achieve enough vapor pressure for the fuel to evaporate and spark the ignition during cold weather (since ethanol tends to increase fuel enthalpy of vaporization[40]). In 2008, two different companies announced home-scale ethanol production systems. [53] They are used primarily in city buses, but also in distribution trucks and waste collectors. 6 October 2009, various ways ethanol fuel can be produced, Indirect land use change impacts of biofuels, Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels, "Towards Sustainable Production and Use of Resources: Assessing Bio fuels", "Acelerating Industry Innovation – 2012 Ethanol Industry Outlook", http://www.amis-outlook.org/fileadmin/user_upload/amis/docs/Market_monitor/AMIS_Market_Monitor_Issue_47.pdf, "Gasoline Gallon Equivalent (GGE) Definition", "Alternative Fuels Data Center – Fuel Properties Comparison", "Portaria Nº 143, de 27 de Junho de 2007", "Anúario da Industria Automobilistica Brasileira 2011: Tabela 2.3 Produção por combustível – 1957/2010", "Licenciamento total de automóveis e comerciais leves por combustível", "Motos flex foram as mais vendidas em 2009 na categoria 150cc", "Deforestation diesel – the madness of biofuel", "World Fuel Ethanol Analysis and Outlook", "(grainscouncil.com, Biofuels_study 268 kB pdf, footnote, p 6)", "Algae farm in Mexico to produce ethanol in '09", "New Enzyme for More Efficient Corn Ethanol Production", "Technical View on Biofuels for Transportation – Focus on Ethanol End-Use Aspects", "Water Phase Separation in Oxygenated Gasoline", "Home Mini-Refinery Makes Ethanol & Biodiesel Simultaneously", "Micro Fueler Is First Ethanol Kit for Brewing Backyard Biofuels on the Cheap", "U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)", "Changes in Gasoline IV, sponsored by Renewable Fuels Foundation", "Sustainable biofuels: prospects and challenges", "When is E85 not 85 percent ethanol? Science 22 May 2009: 1055–1057. The only real way to solve this problem is to vary the compression, and the only real way to do that is via variable-boost turbocharging, where the effective compression ratio can be varied to suit the fuel’s octane rating by changing the pressure of the post-turbo inlet air mix.) Australia's V8 Supercar championship uses Shell E85 for its racing fuel. Over 100 years ago, Henry Ford designed the first Model T to run on ethanol or gasoline — the original flex-fuel vehicle. Each fuel is carried separately, with a much smaller tank for alcohol. A common misconception is that high-octane fuels have more energy in them. [75] As an example, converting grass lands to corn production for ethanol takes about a century of annual savings to make up for the GHG released from the initial tilling. Recently, fuel outlets began placing banners stating that the petrol they sell contains ethanol, which is a bio-fuel obtained primarily from sugarcane. In April 1985, API reported that “the use of ethyl alcohol (ethanol) as a motor fuel component has increased significantly in recent years.” But while there are many advantages of using ethanol as a fuel… EDIT: Note that a vehicle operating on 100 per cent ethanol is considered to be carbon neutral from a greenhouse perspective. While 5% ethanol petrol (labelled E5) will continue to be sold to cater for older cars, although likely only as high-octane super unleaded. According to a 2006 International Energy Agency report, cellulosic ethanol could be important in the future. Prior to fermentation, some crops require saccharification or hydrolysis of carbohydrates such as cellulose and starch into sugars. Low-input annual grass. Most cars (as well as motorcycles and scooters) built after 2000 are compatible with E10. The heavier phase, poor in the entrainer (benzene or cyclohexane), is stripped of the entrainer and recycled to the feed—while the lighter phase, with condensate from the stripping, is recycled to the second column. Ethanol can be produced from a variety of feedstocks such as sugar cane, bagasse, miscanthus, sugar beet, sorghum, grain, switchgrass, barley, hemp, kenaf, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, sunflower, fruit, molasses, corn, stover, grain, wheat, straw, cotton, other biomass, as well as many types of cellulose waste and harvesting, whichever has the best well-to-wheel assessment. With E10, things aren’t quite so simple, which is why its roll-out in the UK compared to other European countries has been delayed. [42][43] At places where temperatures fall below −12 °C (10 °F) during the winter, it is recommended to install an engine heater system, both for gasoline and E85 vehicles. E10 means petrol contains up to 10% renewable ethanol. So, the more the compression, the more the efficiency. N2) to remove the adsorbed water. [citation needed], The ethanol in fuel results in fuel hoses, fuel pumps, fuel dampers, seals, gaskets, diaphragms and other rubber parts becoming defective more quickly. [110], The downside of using fuel containing ethanol in classic and vintage cars is that the ethanol is corrosive and will eat away at rubber parts in the car's fuel system. The amount of carbon dioxide produced at the tail pipe. DOI:10.1126/science.1168885. This provision is particularly necessary for users of Brazil's southern and central regions, where temperatures normally drop below 15 °C (59 °F) during the winter. This is essentially what you’re doing when you run an ethanol blend in a petrol engine. Cellulose, become viable most engines, compared with straight petrol focuses on alternative sources, novel catalysts and processes. 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