However, McCann says their methods might be ignoring a valuable resource. "Plants are the basis of the future bioeconomy," she says. The health of our planet requires that this transition take place as soon as possible. Renewable energy, can and indeed must replace both fossil fuel and nuclear power as quickly as possible if the world is to avoid the catastrophic effects of runaway climate change. In the long run renewable resources will need to make up a large amount of what we use. They want to ban coal, oil and gas. Renewable energy becomes fuel. As a result, many labs have previously attempted to create plants that have more cellulose and fewer lignins in their cell walls. In the … I imagine the future when no waste will be left to rot in land fields or in the oceans and everything will be recycled or used to produce gas. Fuelling the Future. The capacity to make this substantial change from a fossil-based to a renewables-based economy is going to be there. McCann is a professor of biological sciences, former director of the Energy Center at Purdue's Discovery Park, and president-elect of the American Society of Plant Biologists. The remaining 40% comes in the form of hydrogen and hydrocarbon fuels, such as petrol. Renewable energy will replace fossil fuels because they will be less expensive, as reliable, and as convenient as fossil fuels. Report How renewable energy jobs can uplift fossil fuel communities and remake climate politics Adie Tomer, Joseph W. Kane, and Caroline George February 23, 2021 In light of lignins' usefulness, McCann and her colleagues are interested in alternative biofuel optimization strategies that don't involve reducing plants' lignin content. Many researchers have been working on the possibility of getting more glucose by breaking down cellulose -- the primary fibrous component of all plant cell walls -- which is much more abundant than starch. Plant power is a significant piece of the answer, says Purdue scientist Maureen McCann. For now, she acknowledges that ending economic dependence on fossil fuels is a work in progress. Unfortunately at the moment we don’t have enough renewable energy to replace fossil fuels, but hopefully that will change. The U.S. produced more electricity using natural gas than it did using any other method in 2018, with 34 percent of the energy portfolio. And hydrocarbon – oil or gas based – … March 16, 2020 . In light of lignins' usefulness, McCann and her colleagues are interested in alternative biofuel optimization strategies that don't involve reducing plants' lignin content. As fossils fuels become more expensive and harder to find, renewable energy will become cheaper as technology improves and the equipment is made on a larger scale. It was forged in the crucible of the last financial crisis. Deserts do not have to remain such forever – they can all be covered with solar … Travis Hoium (TMFFlushDraw) Nov 24, 2017 at 8:16AM Author Bio. In addition to cellulose, cell walls contain many complex, poly-aromatic molecules called lignins. That's the strategic carbon reserve that we need to exploit in order to displace oil.". LONDON — Solar and wind energy could replace fossil fuels entirely to become the world's power source by 2050, a new report has claimed. The capacity to make this substantial change from a fossil-based to a renewables-based economy is going to be there. Ranked the No. How Renewable Energy Will Destroy Fossil Fuels Fossil fuels may be in a lot of trouble over the long term. al. Daily science news on research developments and the latest scientific innovations, Medical research advances and health news, The most comprehensive sci-tech news coverage on the web. We do not guarantee individual replies due to extremely high volume of correspondence. While renewable energy has made promising gains in just the last few years — the cost of solar dropped by about two-thirds from 2009 to 2014 — new drilling and extraction techniques have made fossil fuels cheaper and markedly increased the amount of oil and gas we can tap into. For this reason, they are non-renewable. And that means we can’t simply replace what we use. ", "If we think of how plants grow, they're marvelous chemists. And in Europe, it’s out with the old and in with the (re)new(able) — sincere apologies there — as green energy sources have officially outgrown fossil fuels on the continent. No discussions yet. Click here to sign in with As a result, a transition to sustainable alternatives is taking place across the world. Science X Daily and the Weekly Email Newsletter are free features that allow you to receive your favorite sci-tech news updates in your email inbox, Scientists develop efficient methods to turn woody biomass into fuels, Security researcher manages to jailbreak the Apple AirTag, An artificial neural network to acquire grounded representations of robot actions and language, Your old mobile phone number could compromise your cybersecurity, SurvNet: A backward elimination procedure to enhance variable selection for deep neural networks, 3D printing company Desktop Metal will now use wood to print. Yes. A nine-year grant from the U.S. Department of Energy funded C3Bio researchers' work toward using chemical catalysts to transform both cellulose and lignins into liquid hydrocarbons, which are more energy-dense than ethanol and fully compatible with engines and existing fuel infrastructure. "We don't simply take what nature gives us; we think of ways to improve the performance of the biomass using the entirety of the genetics toolkit. In the U.S. alone, oil reserves have expanded 59 percent between 2000 and 2014, and natural gas reserves have … "When we think about making use of plant material in a biorefinery, a key goal is to make sure that every carbon atom that the plants so carefully trapped as part of their bodies ends up in a useful target molecule—whether that's a liquid hydrocarbon or a component of some material with advanced properties.". "As a new bioeconomy emerges powered by the life sciences, plants are at the root of it in so many ways—both in terms of the energy they can provide and also the kinds of molecules that they can produce," McCann says. Your access to Member Features is limited. Wind turbines generate electricity at the San Gorgonio Pass Wind Farm near Palm Springs, Calif. (Photo credit: Robert Alexander/Getty Images) Many people today praise wind and solar energy as clean energy and trust them as the power sources of the future, the sources that will replace fossil fuels. For example, even if we made the switch entirely to electric cars, we would likely still need hydrocarbon fuels to mine lithium for the batteries and to run machines with longer lifetimes than cars, such as airplanes and ocean-going vessels. Another approach involves genetically engineering living, growing plants to incorporate chemical catalysts into their own cell walls, which will help eventual breakdown be faster and more complete. There has been three times as much investment in renewable power than investment in fossil fuels over the last decade, highlighting the decline of fossil fuels and emergence of a clean future. While renewable energy has made promising gains in just the last few years — the cost of solar dropped by about two-thirds from 2009 to 2014 — new drilling and extraction techniques have made fossil fuels cheaper and markedly increased the amount of oil and gas we can tap into. Renewable energy could replace most fossil-fuel powered electricity within 50 years, University of Newcastle Associate Professor Hao Tan says. As fossils fuels become more expensive and harder to find, renewable energy will become cheaper as technology improves and the equipment is made on a larger scale. Many researchers have been working on the possibility of getting more glucose by breaking down cellulose—the primary fibrous component of all plant cell walls—which is much more abundant than starch. Experts do not consider fossil fuels renewable energy because … The ethanol industry uses enzymes to break starchy corn kernels down into glucose molecules, which, in turn, are fermented by microorganisms to produce usable fuel. Thank you for taking your time to send in your valued opinion to Science X editors. "In both cases, this work is a reflection of synthetic biology thinking," McCann says. and Terms of Use. She has spent her academic career looking at plant cell walls, which contain some of the most complicated molecules in nature. Who wins? 16 April 2020, by Thomas Crow Credit: CC0 Public Domain The 2019/20 Australian bushfire season, known as the black summer, changed how remote communities get electricity. For now, she acknowledges that ending economic dependence on fossil fuels is a work in progress. 'It'll be around forever': fossil fuel workers switch to new jobs in renewables Those hoping to future-proof their careers are turning to green industries such as windfarms The content is provided for information purposes only. But can renewables completely replace fossil fuels? For example, even if we made the switch entirely to electric cars, we would likely still need hydrocarbon fuels to mine lithium for the batteries and to run machines with longer lifetimes than cars, such as … Government incentives could and should be used to accelerate this process. Once they’re gone, they’re gone. In 2018, those “fossil fuels” fed about 80% of the nation’s energy demand, down slightly from 84% a decade earlier. Another approach involves genetically engineering living, growing plants to incorporate chemical catalysts into their own cell walls, which will help eventual breakdown be faster and more complete. As director of Purdue's Center for Direct Catalytic Conversion of Biomass to Biofuels (C3Bio), McCann collaborated with chemists and chemical engineers in maximizing utilization of available biomass, including lignins. However, McCann says their methods might be ignoring a valuable resource. This April, for the first time ever, renewable energy supplied more power to America’s grid than coal—the clearest sign yet that solar and wind can now go head-to-head with fossil fuels. Distributed energy … McCann is a professor of biological sciences, former director of the Energy Center at Purdue's Discovery Park, and president-elect of the American Society of Plant Biologists. Committed to hands-on and online, real-world learning, Purdue offers a transformative education to all. Purdue University is a top public research institution developing practical solutions to today's toughest challenges. This has provided a nominal nameplate electrical generating capacity … Regardless of end purpose, she says, she keeps three dimensions in mind when thinking about optimization: increasing yield per acre, increasing the quality and value of each plant and increasing the area of land on which crops can be grown profitably. As the technology improves and more people use renewable energy, the prices will come down. A lot of attention has recently focused on renewable energy—energy produced from nonpolluting renewable sources such as wind, sun, and running water. Blackouts; Concrete; Consumption; CyberAttacks. In 2018, nuclear energy stood at 19 percent and renewables stood at 20 percent. By the end of 2014, the generating capacity of renewable energy plants there was about 216 GW, 22% of Europe’s capacity, but because of the intermittent nature of renewable energy … The South African airport, located in the south of the country, is powered by 2,000 solar panels and produces up to 750 kW every day. Tags: fossil fuel, oil, gas, alternative energy, sustainable energy sources, Kayla Matthews, The world is racing to replace fossil fuels with renewable sources and for good reason. The polls indicate that the latent market for renewables in already in place. By using our site, you acknowledge that you have read and understand our Privacy Policy Committed to affordability and accessibility, Purdue has frozen tuition and most fees at 2012-13 levels, enabling more students than ever to graduate debt-free. 22, 2015 - Michael Klare, PhD By studying a wide range of plants -- from poplar trees to zinnias -- her lab has characterized hundreds of plant genes and their products in an effort to understand how they all interact and how they could be manipulated in advantageous ways. "When we think about making use of plant material in a biorefinery, a key goal is to make sure that every carbon atom that the plants so carefully trapped as part of their bodies ends up in a useful target molecule -- whether that's a liquid hydrocarbon or a component of some material with advanced properties.". Can renewable energy sources replace fossil fuels? They're taking in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and water through their roots, and converting those simple molecules into highly complex cell wall structures," she says. She has spent her academic career looking at plant cell walls, which contain some of the most complicated molecules in nature. have published “all-sector energy roadmaps” in which they purport to show how each of 139 countries could attain the WWS goal. Our. From its golden beaches to its vast deserts, Australia is a sunburnt country. For example, even if we made the switch entirely to electric cars, we would likely still need hydrocarbon fuels to mine lithium for the batteries and to run machines with longer lifetimes than cars, … … For now, she acknowledges that ending economic dependence on fossil fuels is a work in progress. Mark Z. Jacobson. In addition to cellulose, cell walls contain many complex, poly-aromatic molecules called lignins. No region of the world has made larger investments in constructing renewable energy plants to replace fossil fuels than Western Europe. Ever? For now, she acknowledges that ending economic dependence on fossil fuels is a work in progress. Can renewable energy sources replace fossil fuels? Renewable energy can never and will not replace oil, coal and gas entirely ("Historic deal may signal end of fossil fuel era"; Monday).. Read more at straitstimes.com. Critic of renewable energy analysis cherry-picked data, say the letter writers. or, by Grace Niewijk, Purdue University. The information you enter will appear in your e-mail message and is not retained by Tech Xplore in any form. WEST LAFAYETTE, Indiana, May 13 -- Purdue University issued the following news release: As global temperatures and energy demand rise simultaneously, the search for sustainable fuel sources is more urgent than ever. Last week Tesla Motors’ (ticker: TSLA) innovation-infused CEO Elon Musk unveiled the … We just need to drive it forward.". https://techxplore.com/news/2020-05-renewable-energy-fossil-fuels.html Fossil fuels should be used for backup not base load when renewables are on line A major change in thinking —among grid operators and many others. Much of the answer can be found in new technologies that allow fossil fuels and renewables to work in tandem, meeting increased demand at the same time as reducing emissions. CyberAttack Book Reviews The holistic approach is particularly important for ensuring that scientists and agricultural producers achieve these goals without compromising the global environment or local ecosystems. As director of Purdue's Center for Direct Catalytic Conversion of Biomass to Biofuels (C3Bio), McCann collaborated with chemists and chemical engineers in maximizing utilization of available biomass, including lignins. Regardless of end purpose, she says, she keeps three dimensions in mind when thinking about optimization: increasing yield per acre, increasing the quality and value of each plant and increasing the area of land on which crops can be grown profitably. But it turns out lignins are important for plant development and can be a valuable source of chemicals. The path to achieve this is by electrification of all energy services. Consumers burn fossil fuels because it's cost-efficient and convenient — for now. Renewable Energy vs. Fossil Fuels: Sprint or Cross Country? Subscribe today to the Daily Power Industry Newsletter for the most up-to-date and relevant utility industry news. "We don't simply take what nature gives us; we think of ways to improve the performance of the biomass using the entirety of the genetics toolkit. Prices for renewable energy are falling, making it competitive with non-renewables. Scientists Plan to Replace Fossil Fuels With Nuclear Fusion by 2030 Unlimited energy, and for only $125 million. Western Europe has extensive experience with investments in renewable energy sources to replace fossil fuels. Considering how heavily humanity still depends on fossil fuels, will sources of renewable energy ever replace … But it turns out lignins are important for plant development and can be a valuable source of chemicals. It's also easy to share a link to an article you've liked or an industry resource that you think would be helpful. Energy for Africa Painting a picture of some 789 million people across the developing world without access to electricity – three-quarters of whom live in sub-Saharan Africa – the top UN official called it “both an injustice and an impediment to sustainable development”. Are fossil fuels renewable? "As a new bioeconomy emerges powered by the life sciences, plants are at the root of it in so many ways -- both in terms of the energy they can provide and also the kinds of molecules that they can produce," McCann says. The health of our planet requires that this transition take place as soon as possible. In the … It is widely accepted that one source of renewable energy will not be able to replace fossil fuels in the foreseeable future and that instead a combination of difference energy sources will be the answer for long-term energy security. https://www.shell.com/.../can-renewables-replace-fossil-fuels.html You can be assured our editors closely monitor every feedback sent and will take appropriate actions. Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Director of the Atmosphere/Energy Program, Stanford University, and the author of 100% Clean, Renewable Energy and Storage for Everything. 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Start a Post »                 Learn more about posting on Energy Central ». This document is subject to copyright. Where the real energy disruption takes place is when it becomes possible to directly power our vehicles with renewable energy. (That’s the most recent full year for which data is available.) Renewable energy will replace fossil fuels because they will be less expensive, as reliable, and as convenient as fossil fuels. Will renewables ever replace fracking? "Something that gives me great optimism is that we're going through a revolution in our ability to make new discoveries that lead to technologies that enable acceleration of the pace of discovery," she says. In 2015 renewables generated more power than coal for the first time ever, and by 2018 was approaching the level of gas generation and is set to continue growing. President Joe Biden has announced his intent to force the transition. As a result, many labs have previously attempted to create plants that have more cellulose and fewer lignins in their cell walls. For example, even if we made the switch entirely to electric cars, we would likely still need hydrocarbon fuels to mine lithium for the batteries and to run machines with longer lifetimes than cars, such as airplanes and ocean-going vessels. "In my mind, building a sustainable economy means we stop digging carbon out of ground and begin to make use of one and a half billion tons of biomass available in the U.S. on an annual basis. Some renewable resources are too expensive to be widely used. The renewable energy industry is no stranger to proving its mettle. Types of Renewable Resources. / Earth & Energy / Fusion 2030 / General Fusion / Nuclear Fusion For now, she acknowledges that ending economic dependence on fossil fuels is a work in progress. The path to achieve this is by electrification of all energy services. That's the strategic carbon reserve that we need to exploit in order to displace oil.". Your opinions are important to us. Fossil fuels are not a renewable source of energy. We must then replace those inflexible power plants with an optimal combination of renewables, traditional energy storage, and the latest generation of flexible thermal plants. Fossil fuels take millions of years to form. During the transition period, traditional fossil fuels and new renewable technologies will work in harmony, forming a unique interplay. How Renewable Energy Could Fully Replace Fossil Fuels George Airport in South Africa has just become the first in the continent to run entirely on solar-generated energy. Plant power is a significant piece of the answer, says Purdue scientist Maureen McCann. Jacobson, Delucci et. If you have an experience or insight to share or have learned something from a conference or seminar, your peers and colleagues on Energy Central want to hear about it. Exactly how will they replace them? McCann is in the Department of Biological Sciences, which is housed in the College of Science. "Plants are the basis of the future bioeconomy," she says. The Clean Energy Council wants Australia to use more renewable energy. The growth in renewable energy jobs can be explained by the fact that it is a newer, expanding industry and requires more workers per unit of energy than fossil fuels. The transition to a renewable energy economy will require multiple levels of change over time. During one month last spring, renewable energy, for the first time ever, supplied more of America’s electricity than coal did. While fossil fuels produced less electricity, renewables produced a lot more. These compounds can get in the way of enzymes and catalysts that are trying to access cellulose and break it down into useful glucose. Yes. For now, she acknowledges that ending economic dependence on fossil fuels is a work in progress. The problem might be intermittency - how to store it and how to make it in an efficient way. Wind, solar and hydro power could replace fossil fuels by 2050. For example, even if we made the switch entirely to electric cars, we would likely still need hydrocarbon fuels to mine lithium for the batteries and to run machines with longer lifetimes than cars, such as … We are not only talking about sun and wind, but also water and waste. As far back as we have data, most of the energy used in the U.S. has come from coal, oil and natural gas. Deep cuts (80% reduction) in greenhouse gas emissions require that fossil fuels are pushed out of all sectors of the economy. Purdue University: Can Renewable Energy Really Replace Fossil Fuels? More than likely, we will see more mixed-energy … Your feedback will go directly to Tech Xplore editors. In it renewable energy surpasses fossil fuels for electricity generation shortly after 2030. These compounds can get in the way of enzymes and catalysts that are trying to access cellulose and break it down into useful glucose. "Renewable energy is the cheapest form of new energy build," Anna says. Yet she maintains a positive outlook. By studying a wide range of plants—from poplar trees to zinnias—her lab has characterized hundreds of plant genes and their products in an effort to understand how they all interact and how they could be manipulated in advantageous ways. To have any chance of preventing dangerous climate change, the world needs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero or even negative by mid-century.Many experts suggest this means we need to completely phase out fossil fuels and replace them with renewable energy sources such as solar and wind. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no The holistic approach is particularly important for ensuring that scientists and agricultural producers achieve these goals without compromising the global environment or local ecosystems. "In my mind, building a sustainable economy means we stop digging carbon out of ground and begin to make use of one and a half billion tons of biomass available in the U.S. on an annual basis. Start a discussion below. Switching to solar. Who loses? Dr Tan, an international business and energy researcher, said it was technically feasible to replace "at least a majority of fossil fuels - say 80 per cent - with renewables". Adding flexible thermal generation allows power systems to slash fossil-fuel use, rapidly reduce emissions and maximize use of renewable energy right now and convert to 100 percent renewable energy faster, all … By the end of 2014, European Union countries had invested approximately 1.1 trillion Euros (CDN $1.63 trillion at current exchange rates) in large-scale renewable energy installations. Your email address is used only to let the recipient know who sent the email. The transition to a renewable energy economy will require multiple levels of change over time. “ all-sector energy roadmaps ” in which they purport to show how of. A transition to a renewable energy are falling, making it competitive with non-renewables fuel future fuels... To extremely high volume of correspondence replaced, so people are now using renewable sources of energy Generation Anna says! Start a Post » Learn more about posting on energy Central » a transformative education to all and water. Do not guarantee individual replies due to extremely high volume of correspondence it competitive with non-renewables accelerate this.... 'Ve liked or an industry resource that you think would be helpful by of. Turns out lignins are important for ensuring that scientists and agricultural producers these... Cellulose, cell walls contain many complex, poly-aromatic molecules called lignins and hydrocarbon,... Path to achieve this is by electrification will renewable energy ever fully replace fossil fuels? all energy services a valuable source of energy and online real-world! Be ignoring a valuable resource access cellulose and fewer lignins in their cell.! Is not retained by Tech Xplore editors plants that have more cellulose will renewable energy ever fully replace fossil fuels? break it down into useful.. Made larger investments in constructing renewable energy industry is no stranger to proving its mettle approach is particularly important plant. Produced a lot of attention has recently focused on renewable energy—energy produced from nonpolluting renewable sources as. Could replace fossil fuels is a significant piece of the next giant leap at purdue.edu power our vehicles renewable! A researcher at an environmental organization and a … renewable energy Mark Z. Jacobson what we.! We change the entire nation 's energy market over the past decade new ways of converting energy one... In addition to cellulose, cell walls contain many complex, poly-aromatic molecules called lignins fuels and new technologies... Most up-to-date and relevant utility industry news from thousands of top sources are trying to access cellulose and it. % of Denmark ’ s total Generation is the cheapest form of hydrogen and hydrocarbon,! 8:16Am Author Bio energy Generation Anna Freeman says solar is a work in progress is by electrification all! Will require multiple levels of change over time to replace the vast quantities of oil and we. Of Knowedge, peak oil, ecology - 1 ) Decline will renewable energy ever fully replace fossil fuels? energy one... Hydrocarbon fuels, but hopefully that will change electricity within 50 years, University of Newcastle Professor! Source of chemicals, renewables produced a lot of decisions are still being based! Quantities of oil and gas we consume go down relative to fossil fuels, hopefully! The bottom of the next giant leap at purdue.edu renewable resources are too expensive be... Renewables in already in place energy stood at 19 percent and renewables stood at 20 percent in way. A large amount of what we use amount of what we use of! Might be intermittency - how to make this substantial change from a fossil-based to renewable... Of all energy services can replace fossil fuels up in a matter of.. Fossil fuel future world Report, Purdue University 20 percent you 've liked or an industry that! Closely monitor every feedback sent and will take appropriate actions and more use. Fuel future, though transitions of such magnitude require time and financial support to implement.... Sciences, which contain some of the answer, says Purdue scientist Maureen McCann United. Energy could replace fossil fuels up in a matter of decades no region the! Fossil fuels produced less electricity, renewables produced a lot of decisions are still being made based on assumptions a. Solar and hydro power could replace most fossil-fuel powered electricity within 50 years, University Newcastle... Fuels because it 's also easy to share a link to an article you 've liked or industry... Renewable source of energy new renewable technologies will work in progress the answer, Purdue. Spent her academic career looking at plant cell walls contain many complex, poly-aromatic molecules called.! That ending economic dependence on fossil fuels are gone they can not be replaced, people... Opinion to Science X editors curated power industry Newsletter for the most complicated in... Dependence on fossil fuels as we use Europe has extensive experience with investments in energy... By using our site, you acknowledge that you have read and our! When the mentality of people changes, then it will be very easy share... Of Denmark ’ s the most recent full year for which data is available. and... At 20 percent renewables-based economy is going to be there molecules in nature ensuring that and. Could and should be used for any other purpose the mentality of people changes, will renewable energy ever fully replace fossil fuels? it be... News from thousands of top sources economy will require multiple levels of change over time considering how heavily humanity depends. To sustainable alternatives is taking place across the world has made larger investments in renewable! Post » Learn more about posting on energy Central » at 19 percent and renewables stood at 19 percent renewables... Renewables-Based economy is going to find new ways of converting energy from one to. 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With or, by Grace Niewijk, Purdue delivers world-changing research and out-of-this-world.! While fossil fuels researcher at an environmental organization and a … renewable energy could replace fossil fuels because 's. This is by electrification of all energy services the remaining 40 % comes in the long run resources! Of our services, and provide content from third parties our Privacy Policy and Terms of use as temperatures! The ocean in fact, renewable energy economy will require multiple levels of change over.. Could renewable energy today 's toughest challenges a fossil fuel future its mettle acknowledges that ending economic dependence fossil! — for now, will renewable energy ever fully replace fossil fuels? acknowledges that ending economic dependence on fossil,. A … renewable will renewable energy ever fully replace fossil fuels? economy will require multiple levels of change over time a amount! Replace what we use click here to sign in with or, Grace! Western Europe to sustainable alternatives is taking place across the world has made investments... Preservation of Knowedge, peak oil, ecology - 1 ) Decline the... And hydro power could replace most fossil-fuel powered electricity within 50 years University! Place across the world has made larger investments in constructing renewable energy has doubled share! Solar and hydro power could replace fossil fuels are gone they can be... In addition to cellulose, cell walls, which contain some of the last financial crisis of Newcastle Professor! Its mettle, renewable energy vs. fossil fuels, though transitions of such magnitude require time and support! Appear in your e-mail message and is not retained by Tech Xplore in any form assist with navigation, your... Let the recipient 's address will be very easy to replace fossil fuels such! Fossil fuel future, carbon dioxide will sources of energy cellulose and fewer lignins in their cell contain...
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